They only thing similar to this that Windows Phone has in place at the moment is an automatic Skydrive upload service for photos which takes no setting up (Windows Phone does it automatically as soon as you log in).
Apple's iCloud service backs up your iPhones e-mail, contacts, calender, internet bookmarks, photos, music, videos and apps (so basically everything on your phone). Android's list of backed up items is similar to that so the only unique thing about the Windows Phone back-up system is the ability to back up text messages (which will definitely come in handy).
Another thing that is new in Windows Phone 8 is the ability to choose where you save apps, music, videos and pictures whether it's on your phone's internal storage or on an external micro-sd card.
Apple currently doesn't even have micro-sd support and with Android you need to go into every app separately to move them around so Windows is better than both of them from the storage aspect.
P.S. If you are wondering why I am posting so much about Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8 recently it is because they are both launching soon and they are sooner or later going to make a change regarding how we live our lives. Also, I am an avid Windows Phone user my self.